Latest Articles
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The Deep Remains Unseen …And What We Still Cannot Explain
This article examines the deep ocean as a partially unexplored domain that ancient texts often associated with Leviathan, Tiamat, and Apep. It argues that modern science still faces real limits in observing the deep, and that this ongoing unknown helps contextualize biblical and ancient descriptions without proving any specific entity.
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Why the Sea? …And the Domain Humanity Cannot Govern
This article examines why Leviathan, Lotan, Tiamat, and Apep are consistently placed in hidden, inaccessible domains like the sea, abyss, or underworld. It argues that the setting is not incidental but central to the pattern, framing the ocean as a boundary beyond human control and a key part of the theological and symbolic interpretation.
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Apep Beneath the Horizon …And the Eternal Adversary
This article examines the Egyptian serpent Apep and its role in a recurring cross-cultural pattern of chaos beings found in Hebrew, Ugaritic, Mesopotamian, and Egyptian traditions. It highlights shared traits such as serpentine form, hidden domains, opposition to authority, and conflict that sustains order, while noting Apep’s cyclical resistance versus Leviathan’s appointed judgment.
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Tiamat and the War Against Creation …And the Repetition of the Deep
This article expands the Leviathan discussion beyond the Bible, comparing it with Ugaritic Lotan and Mesopotamian Tiamat. It highlights a recurring pattern of sea-associated, serpentine chaos figures defeated by higher authority, while stressing a key biblical distinction: Leviathan is created, not primordial. The piece sets up a continued investigation into Apep and related traditions.
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Leviathan and Lotan …And the Echo in Ugarit
This article expands the Leviathan discussion beyond Scripture by comparing it with the Ugaritic figure Lotan. It highlights shared features such as serpentine form, sea association, multiple heads, and defeat by a higher authority, then weighs possible explanations including borrowing, symbolic convergence, and shared observational memory before setting up a comparison with Tiamat.
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“The Piercing Serpent” …And the Language of Classification
This article examines Leviathan in Isaiah 27:1, where it is described as a piercing serpent, crooked serpent, and sea dragon. Building on Job and Psalms, it argues that Scripture layers physical traits, behavior, environment, and future judgment to portray Leviathan with deliberate complexity, setting up a comparison with the ancient Near Eastern figure Lotan.
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